Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is one of the oldest University in the World. University of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is one of the Top University in the World. University of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is Top Ranked University in the World. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization in the United States, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Polytechnic University adopted the European model, and confirmed the laboratory in applied sciences and engineering instructions. Researchers work on computers, radar, and self-direction during World War II and the Cold War. Research contributed to the defense after the war to a rapid expansion of the College and University under James Killian. Open 168 acres (68.0 hectares) current campus in 1916 and extends more than 1 mile (1.6 km) along the northern bank of the Charles River Basin.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with five schools and one college, which contain a total of 32 departments, and is often cited as among the best universities in the world. The Institute is traditionally known for its research and education in the physical sciences and engineering, and more recently in biology, economics, linguistics, and management as well. In the "engineers" sponsor 31 sports, most teams that compete in the NCAA Conference Section III in the New England Women's and men's sports. Rowing programs compete as part of the first section EARC and EAWRC.
As of 2015, it has been a subsidiary of 85 Nobel laureates 0.52 National Medal of Science recipients .65 Marshall Scholars 0.45 Rhodes Scholars 0.38 colleagues MacArthur, 34 astronauts, and 2 holders Fields medals with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The school has a strong entrepreneurial culture, and will be consolidated revenues of the company founded by graduates of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology will be considered atheist ten and economy-largest economy in the world.
Foundation and vision
In 1859, he submitted a proposal to the Massachusetts General Court in the use of land newly filled in the Back Bay, Boston, for "the Institute of Arts and Sciences," but the failure of the proposal. Proposal by William Barton Rogers Charter of the founding of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which was signed by the governor of Massachusetts in the April 10, 1861.
He wanted Rogers, a professor from the University of Virginia, to establish an institution to deal with the rapid scientific and technological progress. He said he does not want to establish a vocational school, but in conjunction with elements of both professional and liberal education, proposes the following:
Only real and practical object from the School of Applied Science is, as I imagine, teaching, and it is not the fine details and the manipulation of the arts, which can only be done in the workshop, but instill those scientific principles that form the basis and explain to them, and along with this, review full and systematic of all processes leading into contact with the physical laws and processes.
Rogers plan reflects the German research university model, emphasizing an independent faculty engaged in the research, as well as instruction oriented around seminars and laboratories.
Early developments
Two days after the issuance of the Charter of the United Nations, the first battle broke out of the civil war. After a long delay during the war years, the first classes were held Massachusetts Institute of Technology in commercial building (NYMEX) in Boston in 1865. The new institute was established as part of the Morrill Land Grant Act colleges to fund institutions "to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes", and was a school land grants. In 1863 under the same act, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the Massachusetts College of Agriculture was established, which developed as a University of Massachusetts Amherst. In 1866, revenue from land sales went towards the new buildings in the Back Bay.
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology called the unofficial "Boston Tech." Institute of Polytechnic University adopted the European model and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early date. Despite chronic financial problems, the Institute of growth witnessed in the last two decades of the 19th century during the reign of President Francis Amasa Walker. The programs were introduced electrical, chemical, marine, and sanitation, has been the construction of new buildings, increasing the size of the student body of more than a thousand.
It drifted vocational curriculum to focus, with less focus on theoretical science. Fledgling school still suffer from chronic financial shortages that turned the attention of the leadership of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. During these years, "Boston Tech," MIT faculty and alumni members rejected the president of Harvard University (Massachusetts Institute of Technology and former members of the teaching staff) attempts Charles Elliott repeated to incorporate the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard College. There will be at least six attempts to accommodate the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University. In a confined space in the Back Bay, MIT can not afford to expand its facilities are overcrowded, leading the desperate search for a new campus and finance. Eventually it agreed Foundation MIT formal agreement to merge with Harvard, despite strong objections from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty, students and alumni members. However, the 1917 decision by the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts has developed an effective end to the system integration.
In 1916, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Management and the Charter of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, crossed the Charles River on a barge ceremonial Bucentaur built for the occasion, to denote a move the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on the campus of a new and widely consists largely of land filled on the machine length on the Cambridge side of the length of the Charles River . The neoclassical "new technology" design campus by William W. Bosworth has been funded largely by donations from anonymous mysterious "Mr. Smith," starting in 1912. In January 1920, it was revealed donors to Industry be George Eastman of Rochester, New York, who had invented the methods of film production and processing, and founded the Eastman Kodak. Between 1912 and 1920, Eastman has donated $ 20 million ($ 236.2 million in 2015 dollars) in cash and shares of Kodak to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Curricular reforms
In the 1930s, President Karl Taylor Compton and Vice President (effectively Provost) Vannevar Bush stressed the importance of pure sciences like physics and chemistry and reduced professional practice required in shops and studios editorial . The Compton reforms "renewed confidence in the ability of the Institute to develop leadership in science and engineering." Unlike schools in the Ivy League, MIT favors the middle class families, and depended more on tuition provision for funding or grants. The school was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1934.
Still, as late as 1949, the Committee regretted Lewis in his report on the state of education at MIT that "the Institute is widely conceived primarily as a vocational school" perception "in unjustified part" the commission he tried to change. The report extensively revised curriculum degree recommended that offers a broader education, and warned against allowing engineering and research sponsored by the government to the detriment of the sciences and humanities. The Faculty of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences and Sloan School of Management at MIT formed in 1950 to compete with the powerful Schools of Science and Engineering. Previously marginalized faculties in the areas of economics, management, political science, and linguistics emerged into cohesive and assertive departments by attracting respected professors and launching competitive graduate programs. The Faculty of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences continued to develop under the successive terms of the presidents oriented humanist Howard W. Johnson and Jerome Wiesner between 1966 and 1980.
Defense research
MIT participation in military research emerged during World War II. In 1941, Vannevar Bush was appointed head of the Federal Office of Scientific Research and Development and directed funding a select group of universities, including MIT. Engineers and scientists from around the country gathered at the MIT Radiation Laboratory, established in 1940 to help the British military in the development of microwave radar. The work did not significantly affect both the war and subsequent research in the area. Other defense projects include other complex control systems for the spotlight, bombsight, and Instrumentation Laboratory inertial navigation under Charles Stark Draper based gyroscope; the development of a digital computer for flight simulations under vortex Project; and high-speed and high-altitude photography under Harold Edgerton. Towards the end of the war, MIT became times larger war contractor nation D (attracting some criticism of Bush) research and development, which employs almost 4000 in the laboratory of radiation alone and receive more than $ 100 million ($ 1.2 billion in 2015 dollars) before 1946. The work on defense projects continued even after then. After the war the government-sponsored research at MIT included SAGE and guidance systems of ballistic missiles and the Apollo project.
"... A special type of educational institution that can be defined as a university polarized in science, engineering and the arts. We could call it a limited university in its objectives, but without limits on the breadth and thoroughness with which pursues these objectives. "
- MIT President James Rhyne Killian, 1949
These activities MIT deeply affected. A 1949 report noted the lack of "any major weakening in the pace of life at the Institute" to match the return to peacetime, recalling the "academic tranquility of the years before the war," while acknowledging the important contributions of military research to the growing importance in graduate education and the rapid growth of staff and facilities. Doubled faculty and graduate student body quintupled in terms of Karl Taylor Compton, President of MIT between 1930 and 1948; James Rhyne Killian, president from 1948 to 1957; and Julius Adams Stratton, chancellor 1952-1957, whose institutional development strategies as expanding the university. By the 1950s, MIT not only benefited the sectors that had worked for three decades and had developed close working relationships with new more customers, philanthropic foundations and the federal government.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, activists of students and teachers protested against the Vietnam War and MIT's defense research. The Union of Concerned Scientists was founded on March 4, 1969 during a meeting of teachers and students trying to shift the emphasis on military research towards environmental and social problems. MIT ultimately undid the Instrumentation Laboratory and all classified outside the campus to the Lincoln Laboratory facility in 1973 in response to protests moved investigation. Students, faculty, and administration remained comparatively unpolarized during what was a turbulent time for many other universities. Johnson was seen as a great success in leading the institution to "greater strength and unity" after these times of turmoil.
Recent history
And kept the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and pace helps to boost the digital age. In addition to the development of his predecessors in modern techniques computing environment, students, staff and faculty networks Authority Project MAC, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and technology books railroad club iron sample some of the earliest interactive video games on the computer, such as Spacewar! And it created much of modern hacker slang and culture. Many computer-related in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology major organizations have emerged since the 1980s: the GNU project Richard Stallman and were founded the Free Software Foundation later in the mid-1980s at the AI Lab. MIT Media Lab was founded in 1985 by Nicholas Negroponte and Jerome Wiesner to promote research into new uses for computer technology. World Organization was founded Wide Web Consortium at the Laboratory for Computer science standards in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee, has achieved Open Course Ware course materials project to more than 2000 lessons of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are available for free on the Internet of charge since 2002; and One Laptop per Child initiative to expand computer education and communication for children was launched worldwide in 2005.
He was named MIT Sea Grant College in 1976 to support its programs in science and oceanography and marine named college scholarships space in 1989 to support the aviation and aerospace programs. In spite of the decrease in government financial support over the past quarter century, MIT launched several successful development of large campaigns to expand the campus: new houses and buildings of power games in the Western campus. Tang Center for Management Education. Many buildings in the northeast corner of the campus to support research in biology and brain and cognitive sciences, genomics, biotechnology, and cancer research. And a number of new buildings "backlot" in Vassar Street including computational center. This included the construction on campus in the 2000s expansions of the Media Lab, campus east of the Sloan School, and housing for postgraduate studies in the country's northwest. In 2006, the President launched Hockfield Energy Research Council of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to investigate the multi-disciplinary challenges posed by the increase in global energy consumption.
In 2001, inspired by the open source movement and open access, launched the MIT Open Course Ware to make taking notes, and groups of problem, curricula, examinations and lectures that the vast majority of its sessions on the Internet free of charge, though without any formal accreditation for completed school . While the cost of supporting and hosting the project is high, OCW has expanded in 2005 to include other universities as part of the Union of Open Course Ware, which now includes more than 250 academic institution with available in six languages at least content. In 2011, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology announced that it will provide an official certificate (but not loans or degree) of the participants completed online courses in its program "MIT", to meet a modest fee. "EDX" has developed an online platform to support MIT initially in partnership with Harvard University and a similar initiative "Harvard". Course ware platform open source, and other universities have already joined and added their own course content.
Three days after the Boston Marathon in April 2013 bombings, the police patrol officer Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sean Collier fatally shot suspects, setting off a violent chase shut down the campus and most of the Greater Boston area for one day. After one week, and he attended a memorial service Collier ceremony before more than 10,000 people, in a ceremony hosted by the community Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with thousands of police officers from New England and Canada region. In November 25, 2013, it announced the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to create and Sam Collier, given annually to "an individual or group that embodies the personal qualities that displays employee Collier as a member of society Massachusetts Institute of Technology and in all aspects of their lives." The Declaration also stated that "the beneficiaries in the future the award will include those that exceed the limits of their profession, those who have contributed to building bridges across the community contributions, and those who consistently and selflessly performing acts of righteousness."
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