Yale University is one of the oldest University in the World. Yale University is one of the Top University in the World. Yale University is Top Ranked University in the World. Yale University is a private Ivy League research United States in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Cologne Saybrook as the Collegiate School, the University is the third oldest institution of higher education in the United States. The school was renamed Yale University in 1718, in recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale, who was governor of the East India Company British. In 1731, Yale University received an additional gift of land and slaves of Bishop Berkeley. He established to train Congregational ministers in theology and sacred languages, 1777 school curriculum began incorporating humanities and sciences in the 19th century and gradually incorporates graduate and professional education, the grant of the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and the organization as a university in 1887.
Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools: college student, originally from the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and twelve professional schools. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, the faculty of each school supervises their curricula and qualifications. In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven, the University has sports facilities in western New Haven, including Yale Bowl, a campus in West Haven, Connecticut, and forests and nature reserves throughout New England. The assets of the university include an endowment worth $ 25.6 billion as of September 2015, the second largest of any educational institution in the world.
Students at Yale University follow a curriculum of liberal arts major department and are organized in a system of residential colleges. Almost all professors teach undergraduate courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. The Library of Yale University, who serves all constituents schools, has more than 15 million volumes and is the third largest academic library in the United States. Outside the academic studies, students compete intercollegiately as Yale Bulldogs in NCAA Division I Ivy League.
Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five US presidents, 19 US Supreme Court, judges 13 billionaires of life, and many foreign heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members US Congress and many senior diplomats, including former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and current Secretary of State, John Kerry. 52 Nobel laureates, 230 Rhodes Scholars, and 118 experts have joined Marshall University.
Early history
Yale has its beginnings to the "Law on Freedom of erecting a Collegiate School," adopted by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut, on October 9, 1701, to meet in New Haven. The law was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leaders of Connecticut. Shortly thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers: Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, James Noyes, James Pierpont, Abraham Pierson, Noadaia Russell, Joseph Webb and Timothy Woodbridge, all alumni of Harvard University , he met in the study of Rev. Samuel Russell in Branford, Connecticut, to pool their books to form the school library. The group, led by James Pierpont, now known as "The Founders".
Originally known as the "Collegiate School," the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, in Killingworth (now Clinton). The school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut.
Meanwhile, there was a crack forming at Harvard between its sixth president Increase Mather and the rest of the Harvard clergy, who Mather viewed as increasingly liberal, ecclesiastically lax and excessively broad in Church government. The dispute caused the Mathers to defend the success of the Collegiate School in hopes that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that was not Harvard.
In 1718, at the behest of either Rector Samuel Andrew or colonial Governor Gurdon Saltonstall, Cotton Mather contacted a successful businessman named Elihu Yale, who lived in Wales, but he was born in Boston and whose father, David, had been one of the original settlers in new Haven, who ask for financial assistance in constructing a new building for the school. Through persuasion Jeremiah Dummer, Yale, who had made a fortune through trade while living in Madras as a representative of the East India Company, donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £ 560 , a substantial amount at the time. Cotton Mather suggested the school to change its name to Yale University. Meanwhile, a Harvard graduate who works in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals to be made a donation of books to Yale University. 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and theology. It had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered the work of John Locke and developed its original theology, known as the "new divinity." In 1722 the Rector and six of his friends, who had a study group to discuss new ideas, announced they had abandoned Calvinism become Arminians, and joined the Church of England. They were ordained in England and returned to the colonies as missionaries of the Anglican faith. Thomas Clapp became president in 1745, and sought to return to college Calvinist orthodoxy; but he did not close the library. Other students found deists books in the library.
19th century
The report from Yale University 1828 was a dogmatic defense of the curriculum of Latin and Greek against critics who wanted more courses in modern languages, mathematics and science. Unlike higher education in Europe, there was no national curriculum for colleges and universities in the United States. In the competition for students and financial support, university leaders struggled to keep up with the demands of innovation. At the same time, they realized that a significant portion of their students and prospective students demanded a classical background. The report meant Yale classics would not be abandoned. All institutions experimented with changes in the curriculum, often results in two ways. In the decentralized environment of higher education in the United States, balancing change with tradition was a common challenge because no one could afford to be completely modern or classical completely. A group of teachers and ministers Yale New Haven Congregationalist articulated a conservative response to the changes produced by the Victorian culture. They focused on the development of a whole possessed man strong enough to resist the temptations of inside religious values, but flexible enough to adapt to the "isms" (professionalism, materialism, individualism and consumerism) tempting him from outside. William Graham Sumner, a professor from 1872 to 1909, taught in the emerging disciplines of economics and sociology of the overflowing classrooms. He beat President Noah Porter, who did not like the social science and Yale wanted to lock in their traditions of classical education. Porter opposed the use of Sumner, a textbook defending Herbert Spencer agnostic materialism, because it could harm students.
Until 1887, the legal name of the university was "The President and members of Yale University in New Haven." In 1887, under a law passed by the General Assembly of Connecticut, Yale gained its current, and shorter, the name "Yale."
20th century
Between 1925 and 1940, philanthropic foundations, especially those related to the Rockefellers, contributed about $ 7 million to support the Yale Institute of Human Relations and the Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology affiliates. The money was spent on behavioral science research, which was supported by representatives of foundations that were aimed at "improving humanity" under a vaguely defined informally human engineering effort. Behavioral scientists at Yale University, headed by President James R. Angell and psychologist Robert M. Yerkes, took advantage of the generosity of the foundation for the development of research programs designed to investigate, then suggest ways control, sexual and social behavior. For example, Yerkes analyzed the sexual behavior of chimpanzee hoping to illuminate the evolutionary basis of human development and provide information that could improve dysfunction. Ultimately, the results of behavioral science disappointed representatives of foundations, funds that changed their human-engineering to the life sciences.
Slack (2003) compared three groups conducting biological research at Yale during overlapping periods between 1910 and 1970. Yale proved important as a site for this research. The leaders of these groups were Ross Granville Harrison, Grace E. Pickford, and G. Evelyn Hutchinson, and its members include both the most experienced scientists and graduate students. All produced innovative research, including the opening of new subfields in embryology, endocrinology and ecology, respectively, over a long period of time. Harrison's group is shown to have been a school of classical research; Hutchinson Pickford and that they were not. The group Pickford was a success despite its lack of position or departmental or institutional power. Hutchinson and his students undergraduate and graduate were extremely productive, but in different areas of ecology rather than a focused research or the use of a set of research tools area. Hutchinson's example shows that new models for research groups, especially those that include an extensive field research is needed.
Milton Winternitz directed the School of Medicine at Yale University as its dean from 1920 to 1935. Dedicated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany, was equally fervent "social medicine" and the study of human beings in their culture and environment. the "Yale system" of teaching was established, with few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the system of full-time teachers; He also created the graduate level Yale School of Nursing and Department of Psychiatry, and built several new buildings. Progress towards their plans for an Institute of Human Relations, conceived as a haven where social scientists could collaborate with biological scientists in a comprehensive study of humanity, unfortunately lasted only a few years before the opposition of anti-Semitic colleagues resentful led him to resign.
Before World War II, most university faculties elite among their numbers few, if any, Jews, blacks, women, and other minorities; Yale was no exception. In 1980, this condition had drastically altered, as many members of these groups held faculty positions.
The curriculum reflects the anti-American ideological struggle worldwide. Norman Holmes Pearson, who worked for the Office of Strategic Studies in London during World War II, he returned to Yale University and headed the new curriculum of America, in which the scholarship quickly became an instrument of promoting freedom. Popular among college students, the program tried to instruct them in the basics of American civilization and therefore instill a sense of nationalism and national purpose. Also during the 1940s and 1950s, millionaire William Robertson Coe Wyoming made great contributions to the programs of American studies at Yale University and the University of Wyoming. Coe was concerned to celebrate the "values" of the Western United States in order to meet the "threat of communism."
The women studied at Yale University since 1892, in graduate programs at Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.
In 1966, Yale began talks with its sister school Vassar College about merging to promote co-education at the undergraduate level. Vassar, then all-female and schools of higher education the seven sisters-elite historically served as sisters Ivy League institutions when the Ivy League-men still only admitted tentatively accepted, but then declined. Both schools independently introduced coeducation in 1969. Amy Solomon was the first woman to register as a student at Yale University; she was also the first woman to Yale to join a society's degree, San Antonio Hall. The 1973 grade class was the first class that women from first year; at that time, all undergraduate women were housed in Vanderbilt Hall at the south end of Old Campus.
A decade coeducation, rampant assault and harassment by student teachers became the impetus to demand pioneer Alexander v. Yale. Although unsuccessful in the courts, the legal reasoning behind the case changed the landscape of sex discrimination law and led to the creation of the Complaints Board Yale and the Yale Women's Center. In March 2011, a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale by students and recent graduates, including feminist magazine publishers Yale widely recognized, alleging that the university had a sexually hostile environment. In response, the university formed a steering committee of Title IX to deal with complaints of sexual misconduct.
Yale, like other schools in the Ivy League, instituted policies in the 20th century designed to keep the proportion of white Protestant notable families in the student body (see numerus clausus), and was one of the last of the Ivies to eliminate such preferences, beginning with the class of 1970.
Yale has a complicated relationship with his hometown; for example, thousands of volunteers each year in a myriad of community organizations students, but city officials, who condemn the exemption from property taxes of the University of local Yale, have pressed for a long time the university to do more to help. Under President Levin, Yale has funded many of New Haven's efforts to revitalize the city. Evidence suggests that the relationship of the city and clothing are mutually beneficial. Still, the economic power of the university increased dramatically with their financial success amid a decline in the local economy.
21st century
In 2006, Yale University and Peking University (PKU) established a joint Degree Program in Beijing, an exchange program that allows students to Yale spend their lives studying semester and honor students with PKU. In July 2012, the Program Peking University Yale University-ended due to low participation.
In 2007, the outgoing president of Yale, Rick Levin characterized institutional priorities Yale: "First, among the best research universities in the country, Yale is clearly committed to excellence in university education Second, in our graduate schools and professionals, as well as Yale University, we are. committed to the education of leaders. "
President George W. Bush, a Yale alumnus, has criticized the university for snobbery and intellectual arrogance that was found as a student there.
The Boston Globe wrote that "if there is a school that can claim the education of the major national leaders of the country in the past three decades, is the University of Yale." Yale alumni have been represented on the Democratic or Republican in every presidential election formula US between 1972 and 2004. The presidents educated at Yale since the end of the Vietnam War include Gerald Ford, George HW Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, and candidates of the major parties during this period include John Kerry ( 2004), Joseph Lieberman (Vice President, 2000) and Sargent Shriver (VP, 1972). Other alumni of Yale who made serious bids for the Presidency during this period include Hillary Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 and 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) and Jerry Brown (1976, 1980, 1992).
Several explanations have been offered for the representation of Yale University in national elections since the end of the Vietnam War. Various sources indicate the spirit of campus activism that has existed at Yale since 1960, and the intellectual influence of Reverend William Sloane Coffin on many future candidates. Yale President Richard Levin, the execution attributes for focusing Yale in creating "a laboratory for future leaders," an institutional priority that began during the tenure of the presidents of Yale Alfred Whitney Griswold and Kingman Brewster. Richard H. Brodhead, former dean of Yale University and now president of Duke University, said: "We get a very important community orientation in our revenue attention, and there is a very strong tradition of volunteering at Yale . " Yale historian Gaddis Smith notes "an ethic of organized activity" at Yale during the 20th century that led John Kerry to lead the Party Political Union of liberal Yale, George Pataki, the Conservative Party, and Joseph Lieberman to manage the Yale Daily News. Camille Paglia points to a history of networking and elitism: "It has to do with a network of friendships and affiliations built up in school." CNN suggests that George W. Bush benefited from preferential admission policies for the "son and grandson of alumni," and a "member of a politically influential family." New York correspondent Elisabeth Times and Bumiller correspondent Atlantic Monthly Credit James Fallows culture of the community and cooperation between students, teachers and administrators, who downplays self-interest and reinforces the commitment to others .
During the 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis for having "views of foreign policy born in Harvard Yard's boutique." When questioned about the distinction between connection Harvard Dukakis and his own background Yale, said that, unlike Harvard, the reputation of Yale was "so diffuse, is not a symbol, I do not think that in the situation of Yale, any symbolism in "and said Yale has given Harvard's reputation for" liberalism and elitism ". In 2004, Howard Dean, said: "In a way, I consider myself separate from the other three candidates (Yale) 2004. Yale changed so much from the class of '68 and '71 class My class was the first class. of women have in it, but it was the first class to have a major effort to recruit African Americans was an extraordinary moment, and in that period of time is the change of a whole generation "..
In 2009, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair picked Yale as one place - the others are the University of Durham in Britain and Universiti Teknologi Mara - for the United States Tony Blair Faith Foundation Faith and Globalization Initiative. Since 2009, the former president of Mexico, Ernesto Zedillo is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization and teaches a seminar grade, "Debate on globalization". From 2009, former presidential candidate and DNC Chairman Howard Dean imparts a residential college seminar, "Understanding politics and politicians." Also in 2009, an alliance between Yale University, University College London, and hospital complexes affiliates of both schools was formed to carry out the investigation focused on the direct improvement of patient care, a field increasingly known as translational medicine. President Richard Levin said that Yale has hundreds of other associations around the world, but "without the collaboration coincides with the scale of the new partnership with the UCL".
No comments:
Post a Comment